问题：我国目前采用的货币政策属于哪一种？采用哪些货币政策工具？
Definition
Monetary policy is the process by which the **, central bank, or monetary authority of a country controls (i) the supply of money, (ii) availability of money, and (iii) cost of money or rate of interest, in order to attain a set of objectives oriented towards the growth and stability of the economy. Monetary theory provides insight into how to craft optimal monetary policy.
Monetary policy is generally referred to as either being an expansionary policy, or a contractionary policy, where an expansionary policy increases the total supply of money in the economy, and a contractionary policy decreases the total money supply. Expansionary policy is traditionally used to combat unemployment in a recession by lowering interest rates, while contractionary policy involves raising interest rates in order to combat inflation. Monetary policy should be contrasted with fiscal policy, which refers to ** borrowing, spending and taxation
货币政策就是政府、央行或者货币当局通过控制：货币的发行、流通、利率来实现经济增长的目标和稳定性。货币理论为政策的制定提供了理论依据。货币政策可分为两种：紧缩与扩张。常常会在经济陷入衰退失业率增加时，降低利率，即使用扩张的货币政策，而在通货膨胀时用紧缩的货币政策。货币政府与财政政策是相对应的，财政政策是指政府开支、税收及借款等。
Goals
Monetary policy rests on the relationship between the rates of interest in an economy, that is the price at which money can be borrowed, and the total supply of money. Monetary policy uses a variety of tools to control one or both of these, to influence outcomes like economic growth, inflation, exchange rates with other currencies and unemployment. Where currency is under a monopoly of issuance, or where there is a regulated system of issuing currency through banks which are tied to a central bank, the monetary authority has the ability to alter the money supply and thus influence the interest rate (in order to achieve policy goals).
宏观经济政策的三大目标是：经济增长、物价稳定（即通货膨胀在一个合理的水平和汇率稳定）、充分就业。而货币政策就是通过货币工具达到以上的目标。
Tools
Monetary base
Monetary policy can be implemented by changing the size of the monetary base. This directly changes the total amount of money circulating in the economy. A central bank can use open market operations to change the monetary base. The central bank would buy/sell bonds in exchange for hard currency. When the central bank disburses/collects this hard currency payment, it alters the amount of currency in the economy, thus altering the monetary base.
通过买入或卖出债券（通常是国债）来改变流通中的货币，从而控制货币发行量，间而影响物价水平等。
Reserve requirements
The monetary authority exerts regulatory control over banks. Monetary policy can be implemented by changing the proportion of total assets that banks must hold in reserve with the central bank. Banks only maintain a small portion of their assets as cash available for immediate withdrawal; the rest is invested in illiquid assets like mortgages and loans. By changing the proportion of total assets to be held as liquid cash, the Federal Reserve changes the availability of loanable funds. This acts as a change in the money supply.
通过法定准备金率来控制银行创造货币的能力，通俗地说就是，同样的存款，但银行可贷资金减少，减少流通中的货币。
Discount window lending
Many central banks or finance ministries have the authority to lend funds to financial institutions within their country. By calling in existing loans or extending new loans, the monetary authority can directly change the size of the money supply.
再贴现率
央行是各商业银行的最后借款人，通过改变再贴现率，也是直接影响货币的供应量。
Interest rates
The contraction of the monetary supply can be achieved indirectly by increasing the nominal interest rates. Monetary authorities in different nations have differing levels of control of economy-wide interest rates. In the United States, the Federal Reserve can set the discount rate, as well as achieve the desired Federal funds rate by open market operations. This rate has significant effect on other market interest rates, but there is no perfect relationship. In the United States open market operations are a relatively small part of the total volume in the bond market.
In other nations, the monetary authority may be able to mandate specific interest rates on loans, savings accounts or other financial assets. By raising the interest rate(s) under its control, a monetary authority can contract the money supply, because higher interest rates encourage savings and discourage borrowing. Both of these effects reduce the size of the money supply.
提高或者降低利率，引导人们储蓄或是消费，从而改变流通中的货币。